Methods and Techniques Used by Firms to Manage Earnings and the Coursework

Methods and Techniques Used by Firms to Manage Earnings and the Motives behind Earnings Management - Coursework Example The value of this activity in large firms seems to be quite high at the level that firms of this size need to publish their reports regularly so that the public is informed about their performance. For this reason, the alteration of figures included in a firm’s financial reports has become a common practice, is related to the efforts for keeping the organizational performance standardized. Still, in the literature, a different view seems to be the most popular: the motives behind earning management cannot be easily accepted. Indeed, quite often earnings management is used for giving a different impression to the public in regard the performance of a particular organization. The motives related to earnings management are also presented in this paper, offering important explanations on the following question: could earnings management become popular in all countries worldwide or not? It is proved that earnings management is not related to geographical criteria; rather, it seems that the position of a firm’s in its industry and the targets set by the managers are used as criteria for deciding the introduction of earnings management in a particular organization. Earning management can be characterized as one of the most important organizational processes. A series of factors have been related to the expansion of earnings management across organizations of different characteristics. In practice, the particular process is often used for promoting personal interests rather than the interests of the organization. The above view is verified through the definition of earning management, as included in the study of Ronen & Yaari (2007). According to the above definition, ‘earning management occurs when managers exercise their discretion over the accounting numbers with or without restrictions†¦ such discretion can be either firm value maximizing or opportunistic’.

An investigatin into the brand identity of fashion concessions in UK Essay

An investigatin into the brand identity of fashion concessions in UK department store - Essay Example This research, using primary and secondary data analysis shall use extensive research on fashion, retailing, host and concessionaire relations, branding design, and factors that inter-relate in all these aspects. The data to be gathered shall try to answer brand identification of fashion concessions in UK department store. Other related data shall also be presented. This study shall unravel the making of an association of quality service and products in a prestigious London department store with the stores design aspects, consumer behaviour as well as the concessionaire and host relationship built. Branded products are in demand. The brand-consciousness of consumers is continually growing within the fashion industry. (Gretz, 2000) Many fashion brands have been considering setting up department store concessions to fulfill the brand demand of their customers. Concessions are a way of allowing a retailer to extend the product range offered within the outlet without experiencing some of the risks associated with buying merchandise. The basis of a concession, which may be referred to as a ‘shop-in-shop’, is that a retailer allows a supplier of a particular brand of merchandise a designated amount of space within an outlet from which those goods are sold. (Varley, 2001, p112) With this study, researcher was able to gain in-depth knowledge on the relations between fashion branding and host-concessionaire as may be both perceived in visual store and product design or display. Among other things, the research also found out these attributes are not surprisingly absent in the chosen department store or retail outlet for this study. In fact, the department store have presented more than what is necessary or has been studied about the subject matter, or that, it exceeded expectation to a certain degree, it being a premier and prestigious

Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Essay Example for Free

Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Essay I hope and elieve that you will be kind enough to consider any types of mistakes that occurred at the time of preparing this proposal. Thank you. Yours sincerely, Roll : 24040 Executive Summary A few comments on the organization and content of the report may be helpful to reader. In doing so, we realize that some topics may be more important to some reader then to other. For that reason we some advanced material (e. g. questionnaires) appears in appendices. Our goal is to help the reader who must compare financial position of these two companies. First we focused on the essential element of this report. We have included here the introduction of this report, objectives of the report, findings, methodology, so that the reader can get ideas easily. The second part is very important from the sense of this report. Here we have given our recommendation of the report. We have tried out level best to give the commendation neutrally. It also contains the conclusion of this report. Contents: Topic Page Introduction Objective of the Report Limitation of the Study Literature 2 Analysis 4 Summary and Conclusion 11 Introduction: Financial Statement includes the Balance Sheet, Income statement and other tatement which determine the companys performance. Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from information in companys financial statements. Financial ratios are the analysts microscope. It allowed them to get a better view of the firms financial health than Just looking at the raw financial statements. Objective of the Report This term paper is prepared under submitted as a major requirement of the Financial Accounting Course. Financial Accounting provides the facts needed to make informed economic as well as operational control. Limitation of the study is about: ) Based on only secondary source of data b) Time bound restrict me for further research on the topic c) possible to analyze every ratio of the financial statement There is not Literature: Financial Ratio: Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firms financials to those of other firms. Current Ratio Current ratio is the ratio of current assets of a business to its current liabilities. It is the most widely used test of liquidity of a business and measures the ability of a usiness to repay its debts over the period of next 12 months. Current ratio is calculated using the following formula: Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities Receivables Turnover Ratio An accounting measure used to quantify a firms effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables turnover ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets. Receivables turnover ratio = Net receivable sales/ Average accounts receivables Inventory Turnover A ratio showing how many times a companys inventory is sold and replaced over a period. The days in the period can then be divided by the inventory turnover formula to calculate the days it takes to sell the inventory on hand or inventory turnover days. Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory Asset Turnover : The amount of sales generated for every dollars worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in dollars by assets in dollars. Asset Turnover Ratio = Net Sales Average Total Assets Return On Asset: An indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.

Learning How To Write Well English Language Essay

Learning How To Write Well English Language Essay The desire to learn how to write and read started earlier than my preschool year. Growing up in a family where respect and education were the primary focus for their offsprings, it wasnt only a good thing for my youth but has helped me later in my life. I was taught that learning is not only obtaining skills and knowledge, but the ability to apply the new understanding, such a asking for food when I felt the pain of hunger. While, later in my life I was educated that learning is the ability to contextualize the variety of contexts which vary from region to region, institution to institution, and between groups with different social-economical backgrounds. Learning how to write well, it all started in primary school. Primary school was the place where I created my foundation for writing well. This foundation was build on by different writing exercises, such as course handbook and writing workbooks in and out of classroom. I learned to copy definitions of literary terms in my notepad and memorize them, without considering its larger meaning. This helped me learn writing skills and knowledge in multiply lesson types. Dictation exercises were another form used in school to advance my writing skills and knowledge. Being a verbal thinker, dictation was one of my preferred ways of learning how to write well. This form of writing helped me visualize the structure and grammar mistakes I made during the writing process. As my education advances, I use written feedback from professors and peers to understand the expectations which they have. Through this method, I not only become more familiar with my writing, but it helps me improve my generati ve thinking. Helps me develop ideas in writing from different points of view, and assists on improving my initial thoughts. Learning vocabulary skills in the context of writing started as early as elementary school. Completing practice workbooks and exercises on short stories I read during class. And create a dictionary with new words I came across in children books and other words presented by my teacher. Visual activities prepared by the teacher, were practices which I had to find in use in my children books in my local library, this meant reading a great quantity of short story books, and getting familiar with the plot concept and theme in the context of writing. To help me bring my knowledge to test, my teacher would require me to write a short story of my happiest moment during a weekend. The combination of visual and integrated activities provided ways for me to put my understanding to use in the context of larger writings. I can clearly say that this form of teaching was effective in learning how to use vocabulary in writing. What if, peer and self-evaluation were parts of activities? I believe it would have helped me improve my writing mechanics and vocabulary which could be used later in class discussions. Depending upon any other approach rather than the visual and integrated activities would not have been affective, because integrating larger goals in the context of writing would have been too much. Integrated and visual activates worked in none-linear and separated form, both were effective on making me understand the context of writing in the smaller scale. With the necessary skills and knowledge, I was ready to learn how to become reflective about my own writing performance. With skills and knowledge such as, strategies on approaching writing tasks, discussing prompts which support cognitive thinking, it was time for me to explore and extend literary understanding beyond the initial interpretation, and most importantly achieve creative thinking beyond the initial thoughts. Dictation was the answer to this stepping stone. Dictation is nothing more than a class exercise which helps students develop grammar, writing communications and improve listening comprehension. Using this learning device I have been able to diagnose and correct grammatical mistakes, learn punctuation, and develop my thoughts. This form or this learning device has helped teachers analyze and address the grammatical and comprehension weaknesses in students such as myself. The most important benefit on using this learning device is the ability to make corrections myself or my teacher. Dictation activities exercised were a combination of traditional spelling and punctuation problems to ac tivities where personal opinions were tested. Besides its benefits, dictation was a form of losing time on noticing language mistakes that are overlooked and commonly made. By reading and writing more literature these common mistakes would be improved. Dictation is not widely issued in English teaching systems, because it is considered an older technique. In comparison, most European countries still use dictation as a technique for teaching and improving students in grammatical and comprehension skills. In addition to dictation, professors feedback gives me an opportunity to improve and analyze my work. Getting the facts right is what writing well is all about. If the reader or the audience is misinformed, feedback is what the writer gets in response. If the point is not reached in writing the feedback is not a critique, but an explanation on how well the writing expectations are met, and what can be done for improvements. Receiving written feedback helps me understand the expectations of my audience, and helps me understand and meet the expectation of my own writing. This method has given the ability to improve my initial thoughts to thoughts which are expected by the audience. I expect written feedback of any form in my writing, because this puts my writing in a particular way to an end or makes me repeat it. Positive punishment (lower grade) makes me put an end to the way I write and or positive reinforcement (better grade) makes me repeat my writing in a behaviors term. Although feedback is one of the most important forms on learning how to write well, there are still problems a ssociated with this approach. First, the written feedback I receive most of the time is hard to interpret due to the illegible handwriting, including un-clear terms and symbols. In addition, the implemented time on feedback is crucial. The majority of time I receive late feedback and time doesnt permit to apply the changes to my writing. This issue can be solved if the institutions increase the time constrains available for feedbacks. Paying attention to the written feedback I receive is improving my skills in writing well. Feedback is more than often provided by experienced writers, which can have no end when learning the skill on how to write well. Therefore, learning how to write well is not only obtaining the skills and knowledge, but is the ability to apply the skills and knowledge to meet the audience expectations. However, as I have shown visual and integrated activities are used on building the foundation to writing well. Enhancing vocabulary terms and using it on writing was the main concentration of these activities. Class dictation has been the most beneficial method to my learning, as it helped me perfect my writing skills and raised awareness of problematic areas in my writing. Given that dictation activities provide the opportunity to compare written work with a professors work. As my writing advances, Im become a better writer, and the writing process is becoming less painful when I receive written feedback. The fact that this method is the most preferred way for many students including myself to achieve excellent writing; it clearly shows the importance written feedback have on students. Most of the time peer feed back indicates the type of error but not the place of error; this significantly improved my ability to find the error and help avoid the wrong initial thought. All in all, using course workbooks, dictation and feedback Ive been able achieve skills on how to write well.

Siddhartha :: Hesse Siddhartha Essays

Siddhartha    Siddhartha is extremely proud of his ability to think, fast, and wait.   These qualities also allow him to get a job with Kamaswami as a merchant. These are basically Siddhartha's life achievements.   Being able to do these things shows he is intelligent and more than able to do most tasks.   This is probably why he flaunts it, and is proud of these abilities so much.   In this essay I will discuss each of these abilities individually, and show how they apply to his life, what they do to teach him, or show him, and also show how they help him or hinder him in various situations.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The ability to think obviously is something to be proud of.   When a man can think on any topic, give feedback, and reflect on it, they are considered very valuable in any situation or job.   When Kamaswami first meets Siddhartha, he is instantly impressed with his ability to read and write.   We see how this ability to think can gain a man instant respect.   All Siddhartha's life he has been reading, writing, meditating, and studying.   It is quite evident tat if you or I worked that hard, we would feel the same achievement he has, and try to apply our abilities to anything we do.   Aside from thinking though, Kamaswami is also very impressed with waiting as we see when he says, "Writing is good, thinking is better.   Cleverness is good, patience is better."      Ã‚  Ã‚   As much as Siddhartha thinks, his ability to wait is something that really defines his character even better.   This is also incorporates with fasting, as well as thinking, but by itself waiting is extremely important. I have found, in all my years, myself to be quite impatient.   This will probably harm me later in my life.   The ability to wait also spurs the ability to think, and fast.   Throughout all his studies, Siddhartha had to wait out the array of different teachings he went through to know truly in his heart, that they didn't apply to him.   To wait on something shows wisdom, and maturity.   These are traits that no good businessman can ignore, as Kamaswami realizes.   That is a major reason Siddhartha was hired.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, fasting is something that once again requires patience, and deep

B.f. Skinner Essay examples -- essays research papers

B.F. Skinner Psychologist, born in Susquhanna, Pa. He studied at Harvard, teaching there (1931-6, 1947-74). A leading behaviorist, he is a proponent of operant conditioning, and the inventor of the Skinner box for facilitating experimental observations. B. F. Skinner’s entire system is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of â€Å"operating† on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around the world, doing what it does. During this â€Å"operating,† the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply a reinforcer. This special stimulus has the effect of increasing the operant - which is the behavior occurring just before the reinforcer. This is operant conditioning: â€Å"the behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future.† Say you have a dog and he’s just playing around with his toys and such and then when you throw a toy at him and he catches it then you give him a treat. Then all of the sudden the dog is starting to catch toys and such as you throw it in the air or at his mouth. The operant is the behavior just prior to the reinforcer, which is the treat. Then what if you decide to stop giving the dog treats, well he’ll stop his little trick which your, the owner were enjoying. This is called extinction of the operant behavior. Now, if you were to start showing the dog treats, then most likely he/she’ll want to start doing the tricks again and a little more quickly than the dog learned at first. This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in the context of a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the very first time the dog was reinforced for performing the tricks. Continuous reinforcement is the original scenario: Every time that the dog does the behavior (such as performing a trick), he gets a treat. The fixed ratio schedule was the first one Skinner discovered: If the dog did the trick three times, say, he gets a goodie. Or five times. Or twenty times. Or â€Å"x† times. There is a fixed ratio between behaviors and reinforcers: 3 to 1, 5 to 1, 20 to 1, etc. This is a little like â€Å"piece rate† in the clothing manufacturing industry: You get paid so much for so many shirts. Skinner also looked at variable schedules. Variable ratio means you change the â€Å"x† each ... ...e aversive stimulus of hunger? Skinner (contrary to some stereotypes that have arisen about behaviorists) doesn’t â€Å"approve† of the use of aversive stimuli -- not because of ethics, but because they don’t work well! Notice that I said earlier that Johnny will maybe stop throwing his toys, and that I perhaps will take out the garbage? That’s because whatever was reinforcing the bad behaviors hasn’t been removed, as it would’ve been in the case of extinction. This hidden reinforcer has just been â€Å"covered up† with a conflicting aversive stimulus. So, sure, sometimes the child (or me) will behave -- but it still feels good to throw those toys. All Johnny needs to do is wait till you’re out of the room, or find a way to blame it on his brother, or in some way escape the consequences, and he’s back to his old ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. F. Skinner made numerous contributions to the science of behavior. He strongly influenced the area of learning that he named operant conditioning. His Skinner box is now a standard apparatus for the experimental study of animal behavior. Much of his work involved the study of how reinforcement schedules influence learning and behavior.

Is discovery always a good thing? Essay

Humanity’s interest in unknown world has been universal and enduring. Accompany with human development, discovery the unknown world has become more and more important to human life. Some people think discovery is a good thing. They will tell you how X-ray used by medical professionals to help diagnose and treat a wide range of medical problems. They will also tell you what a mass your life will be if Benjamin Franklin did not discovered electricity. But other argue people think discovery bring disaster to human. They will tell you if Martin Heinrich Klaproth did not discover uranium, maybe atomic bomb would not been invented. Although the question about whether discovery always a good thing has so many different opinions. I believe that discovery has a positive effect on our life. Discoveries provide the benefit greater than the risk. It makes our life efficient and comfortable. This essay will pinpoint benefits of discovery. The first opinion is discovery in medicine can rais e patients’ survival rates and reduce the pain caused by the illness. After that I will talk about the convenience bring by discovery in the daily life. Finally, I will state that discovery advance human development. From 18st century, human have discovered so many important things in the medical field. These medical discoveries have had a great impact on the development of modern medicine. Have you ever heard about X-rays? In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays. He was not searching for X-rays. In fact, he did not known such a thing existed until he discovery proved that it was there. Nowadays X-rays were widely used in medicine domain, and have been one of the most powerful, useful, and lifesaving diagnostic tools in the world. Another example is penicillin. Penicillin is a unexpected discovery. It has saved millions of people during the last years of world war two alone. Penicillin is the first antibiotic to successfully fight bacterial infections and disease. In 20th century, it was called a miracle medicine, and opened an door to entry antibiotic families. Obviously these discoveries make great contribution to modern medicine. They not only raise patients’ survival rates but also relieve the pain for patients. We could not image how the hospital would be without these greatest discoveries. So it is obvious that discovery in medical field is a good thing. The discovery is not only benefit in medical field, but also benefit in our normal lives. Today discoveries have deeply  effect human lives. They bring great convenience to daily life. What would happen if no one discovered electricity? We would not be able to watch TV, and use our computers or cell phones. Because neither of them would work properly. Also no air-conditions, no refrigerators, no elevators. A lot of things would be done by hand. All of people would go to bed about 8 pm because there is not much to do after dark. Especially, the out activities would be difficult and dangerous without outside lights. I do not think human would go back after adapting to the electricity world. In our modern society where all aspects of our lives are al most totally dependent upon electricity. All of these equipment we used today, we owe thanks to Benjamin Franklin who discovered electricity in 1752. Thus I think discovery is so important in our daily lives. No discovery, no comfortable life. Humans crave knowledge. It’s hard-wired into our DNA. Without discovery, we would never have left the cave, invented the wheel or flown to outer space. Human development need new technology and innovation. No innovation, no development. Discovery is one of most important methods of innovation. If Benjamin Franklin did not discover electricity, perhaps Thomas Edison would not invent electric light. If John Bardeen did not discover the transistor effect of semi -conductor materials, maybe Robert Watson-Watt would not invent radar. DNA is another example. Francis Crick and James Wat son discovered DNA. That discovery has been called â€Å"the most significant discovery of the century.† DNA structure al lowed medical scientists to understand many deadly diseases, and to find cures. In conclusion, I think discovery advance human development. Today’s discoveries will shape tomorrow’s world. So human will never stop discovery the world. Discoveries are often unexpected. No matter how or why something (like uranium or anthrax) was discovered. The discovery itself was not harmful,but what humans do with it can be. That is why I always think discovery is a good thing. Discoveries mark the progress of human civilizations. They advance human development. New discoveries in medical field have opened up new possibilities in treatment a lot of human sickness. So far that diseases like cancer and HIV is not so horrifying. And as we all know discoveries bring great convenience to our daily lives. So who could say discovery is not a good thing.