Pakistan Electricity: Solutions and Ongoing Projects

Written by: Afreen Baig http://economicpakistan. wordpress. com/2008/01/05/electricity/ â€Å"History† After the construction of the Hydro-Electric Tarbela Dam and the Mangla Dam, by General Ayub Khan and General Yahya Khan in the 1960’s, our governments failed to conceive and initiate major electricity projects. The inept governments of PML-N and PPP, that still consider themselves vital to democratic dialogue within the provinces, failed to create dialogue within provinces, on the most important issue facing Pakistan’s energy survival – the Kalabagh Dam. Their governments failed to plan for the future growth and energy requirements. Recently the government of PPP has scraped the project altogether. â€Å"Unexpected Economic Boom & Energy Consumption in the last 10 years† Pakistan’s $75 billion economy boomed into a $160 billion economy, with the consumption of gas, electricity and coal increasing YEARLY to an average rate of 7. 8 percent, 5. 1 percent and 8. 8 percent, respectively. The number of electricity consumers grew from 15. 9 million in 2005-06 to 16. 7 million in 2007, showing a growth of about 70 percent over the last 10 years. The major Energy consumption sectors of the country are: Industrial (38. percent), Transport (32. 8 percent), Residential and Commercial (25 percent), Agriculture (2. 5 percent) and others (2. 2 percent). As regards Electricity, the Household sector has been the largest consumer over the last 10 years, on average consuming 44. 8 percent, followed by Industrial sector (29. 4 percent), Agriculture (12. 2 percent), Commercial sector (5. 9 percent), Street lights (10. 6 percent), the officials say. â€Å"Record Sales of Electronic Items† Recently, we got good news from Pakistan Haier. In May, Pakistan Haier made new RECORD air-conditioner, refrigerator monthly output. The sale volume reached all time high, the year-on-year sale increase of Air-conditioner, Refrigerator, Washing machine, Micro wave and TV are 136%, 58%, 180%, 210% and 106% respectively. Similarly, many other Electronic Companies have created record sales. â€Å"Projects executed and under Construction† The first unit of 290-megawatt of Ghazi Brotha Hydel Project (GBHP) went into operation in June 2003, and contributed around 50mw of electricity to the national grid. Four more units were added every quarter, and by 2004 the GBHP was contributing 1,450 mw. Nuclear power plant Chashma-2, will soon come on-line, and will add another 300MW to the national grid. Mangla Dam uprising will give another 644 GWh of power. Gomal Zam Dam is under final stage of construction, and upon completion it will produce 17. 4MW In 1999, our installed capacity was merely 15,860 MW. (With Hydel 4826 + Thermal 10,897 + Nuclear 137) In 2005-06, our installed capacity increased to become 20,495 MW. (With Hydel 6499 + Thermal 13,534 + Nuclear 462) â€Å"Concrete steps under the PML-Q Government† President Pervez Musharraf launched the Rs 130 billion (US 2. 6 billion) Neelum-Jhelum Hydroelectric project aimed at producing 969 MW power. Work on 11 projects with an accumulative power generation capacity of more than 12,000MW would start by 2009. These projects include Bunji (5,400MW), Dasu (4,000MW), Kohala (1,100MW), Spatgah and Palas Valley (1,230MW). Wind and Solar Technology: Pakistan is seeking to explore alternative sources of energy production and use Wind and solar technologies with the aim to produce 9,700 MW wind power by 2030, thereby providing electricity to 7,874 off-grid villages in Sindh and Baluchistan. 25 wind water pumping systems have been installed in Balochistan. Over 140 micro wind turbines of 500 Watts each are operational in Sindh and Balochistan, providing electricity to 691 houses in 18 remote, off-grid villages. Hydel Power: The government is giving top priority to Hydel power with the potential of producing 40,000 MW Power of which only 15 percent had been exploited so far. In 2001, the Water and Power Development Authority of Pakistan identified 22 sites for launching Hydropower projects to meet the ever-increasing demand for cheap power. It indicated that about 15,074 mw could be generated on the completion of these projects, which would also meet the water irrigation requirements for the growing agriculture sector. Pakistan Sugar Mills: Association (PSMA) has informed the government that sugar mills can produce 2,000MW of electricity in the next five years. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission: (PAEC) has decided to establish an Engineering Design Organization (EDO) for the indigenous development of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the country. The PAEC informed authorities that it was planning to add about 1,260MW through Hydel power, 880MW from Alternate energy, 4,860MW from Gas, 900MW from Coal and 160MW from Oil by 2010. The Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) is investing in a new 220-megawatt power plant that will help control the power shortages in the city, said. The plant will start generating 192MW by March and the remaining 28MW will start being distributed by December 2008. Thar Coal: The government has decided to develop the Thar coal for power generation on a priority basis to overcome energy crisis following. Out of six various companies that inked MoU with concern authorities to establish coal power projects; two companies have started drilling work in their respective areas. Confirmed estimates that its reserves were equivalent to at least 850 Trillion Cubic Feet (TCF) of gas – about 30 times higher than Pakistan’s proven gas reserves of 28 TCF. By using only 2% of the existing coal reserves, we can generate around 20,000 MW (20 GW) for almost 40 years These estimates were confirmed by separate bankable feasibility studies conducted by Chinese and Russian experts. 85 Billion Tons of coal deposits in Pakistan were second only to 247 Billion Ton reserves in the United States and much higher than 157 and 115 Billion Ton reserves of Russia and China, respectively. Thar coal reserves were equivalent to at least 400 Billion Barrels of oil – equivalent to oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran put together. One estimate puts Pakistan’s coal energy at 576 Billion Barr els of oil which is equivalent to the combined oil reserves of the 3 largest producers. The government is planning to set up 5,000-megawatt power generation facilities using coal as fuel within next few years. â€Å"Ongoing Power Projects† The Ongoing Power Projects for which allocations have been made in 2007-08 Budget, are Mangla Dam Raising Project (Rs 20 billion), Mirani Dam (Rs 500 million), Sabakzai Dam (Rs 200 million), Kurram Tangi Dam (Rs 2. 84 billion), Sadpara Multipurpose Dam Rs (900 million), Gomal Zam Dam (Rs 1. 8 billion), the Greater Thal Canal Phase I (Rs 8. 5 billion), the Greater Thal Canal Phase II (Rs 2. billion), construction of 20 small dams in NWFP (Rs 870 million), Bhasha/ Diamer Dam (Rs 500 million), Khan-Khawar hydro project (Rs 1. 3 billion), Dubir Khawar hydro project (Rs 2. 1 billion), transmission arrangements for power dispersal of Ghazi Barotha (Rs 1. 67 billion) and Neelam-Jhelum hydro project (Rs 10 billion). New projects for the next fiscal year include the Sukkur Barrage Rehabilitation and Improvement project (Rs 100 million), Akhori Dam PC I (Rs 200 million), construction of Jaban Hydroelectric Power Station and Jaban Hydroelectric Power Station (Rs 40 million). Upcoming Immediate Projects† Three rental power houses would start generating 1,067 megawatts of electricity by end of year 2008, respectively. Agreements had been signed with China to establish power plants at Nandipur and Chichu ki Malian, and tenders had been issued for two 500MW power plants at Dadu and Faisalabad which would be run by gas and furnace oil. An 800MW power plant would be set up at Guddu. (c) ECONOMIC PAKISTAN and PRESIDENT MUSHARRAF http://economicpakistan. wordpress. com/2008/01/05/electricity/ http://presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/

Ghanshyam Thori Introduction: with a Quotation or Hypothetical Question

Ghanshyam Thori Introduction: With a quotation or Hypothetical question Followed by Resources for Essay â€Å"India’s new identity as a federal nation has been determined by the values & the heritage cherished by our trimphed national liberation movement. Media/Indian Education/Democratic Principles (depending on topic) has not only played an important role to liberate India from foreign rule but also to emanicipate its people from the tribal & feudal practices & elaborate indigenous system of sanctified social inequalities & oppression†. Content:  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  · All Dimensions should be included. Social Economic Historical Political Administrative Psychological Geographical (E. g. Geographical Inequalities, Variations etc) Humanitarian Dimension International Dimension (Developed Versus Developed Countries, South-South Cooperation, International Bodies like UNO, FAO, IMF, World Bank etc) Environmental Dimension.  ·  ·  ·  · Quote examples from GS, News, Magazines, TV etc. Current examples add marks. Don’t stretch on idea nor repeat any idea. Essay is coherent story of a number of ideas. Quotations are highly useful for essays & need to be memorized well. Language should be powerful (Sentences which show your command over language: â€Å"Read Essay on â€Å"Whither Indian Democracy† – Crack IAS material to get a glimpse of the demands of language required in essay writing†. Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori  · Resources for Essay Language should be creative (E. g. Not many would have imagined that the India Democracy would not be a case of Infant Mortality). Conclusion: The end of conclusion can be â€Å"Remember the immortal words of Swami Vivekananda or Gandhiji or Nehru etc† followed by quotation on that topic. Some Typical Words to be Used: Problem: predicament, plight, dilemma, quandary, bone of contention, hassle, conundrum, crisis. Criminal/Wrongdoer: offender, wrongdoer, culprit, lawbreaker, criminal, hooligan, vandal, ruffian, hoodlum, miscreant, malefactor, transgressor; juvenile delinquent, young offender. delinquent adjective 1. delinquent young people mischievous, culpable, transgressing, offending, criminal. 2. delinquent policemen negligent, neglectful, remiss, careless, slack, derelict. Love/Affection: affection, fondness, care, concern, attachment, regard, warmth, intimacy, devotion, adoration, passion, ardour, desire, lust, yearning, infatuation, adulation. Hate: loathe, detest, abhor, dislike, abominate, despise, execrate, have an aversion to, feel hostile towards, be unable to abide/bear/stand, view with dislike, be sick of, be tired of, shudder at, be repelled by, recoil from. Destroy: destroy the bridge demolish, knock down, pull down, tear down, level, raze, fell, dismantle, wreck, smash, shatter, crash, blow up, blow to bits, explode, annihilate, wipe out, bomb, torpedo. . destroy the countryside ruin, spoil, devastate, lay waste, ravage, wreak havoc on, ransack. 3. destroy their confidence terminate, quash, quell, crush, stifle, subdue, squash, extinguish, extirpate. 4. destroy the herd/tribe kill, kill off, slaughter, put to sleep, exterminate; slay, murder, assassinate, wipe out, massacre, Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay liquidate, decimate. 5. destroy the enemy/opponents defeat, beat, conquer, vanquish, trounce, rout, drub; inf. lick, thrash. Hope: expectation, xpectancy, anticipation, desire, longing, wish, wishing, craving, yearning, aspiration, ambition, dream, belief, assurance, assumption, confidence, conviction, faith, trust, optimism. Initiative: , deed, move, effort, operation, performance, undertaking, manoeuvre, endeavour, exertion, exploit, striving. Emancipation (Focus on Spelling): setting free, liberation, release, deliverance, discharge, unfettering, unshackling, manumission; freedom, liberty. Empower: allow, permit, authorize, entitle, qualify, fit, license, sanction, warrant, accredit, validate, commission, delegate, legalize, empower. . enable you to cross the river allow, permit, give the means/resources to, equip, prepare, facilitate, capacitate. Important/Crucial: decisive, critical, determining, pivotal, central, testing, trying, searching. 2. the matter is of crucial im portance very important, high-priority, essential, momentous, vital, urgent, pressing, compelling Macabre: , grisly, grim, gory, morbid, grim, ghastly, hideous, horrific, horrible, horrifying, horrid, horrendous, terrifying, frightening, frightful, fearsome, shocking, dreadful, appalling, loathsome, repugnant, repulsive, sickening. Pathetic: pitiful, pitiable, piteous, to be pitied, moving, touching, poignant, affecting, distressing, heartbreaking, heart-rending, sad, wretched, mournful, woeful. pitiful, lamentable, deplorable, miserable, wretched, feeble, woeful, sorry, poor, contemptible, inadequate, unsatisfactory, worthless. Terrorism/Violence 1. â€Å"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind† – Mahatma Gandhi Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay 2. Victory attained by violence is tantamount to a defeat, for it is momentary – Mahatma Gandhi 3. Hate the sin, love the sinner. Mahatma Gandhi 4. When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants, and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall. Think of it–always. – Mahatma Gandhi. 5. The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong. – Mahatma Gandhi 6 . To err is human, to forgive divine – Alexander Pope Hope/Corruption/Faith You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty. Mahatma Gandhi You must be the change you want to see in the world – Mahatma Gandhi Arise awake and stop not till the goal is reached — Swami Vivekananda Only as high as I can reach can I grow. Only as far as I can seek can I go. Only as deep as I can look can I see. Only as much as I can I dream can I be. Freedom/Liberty Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes. – Mahatma Gandhi Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay – Unkown (Karen Ravn). Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay General Quotes Gandhiji’s Talisman (Use in Swaraj, Liberty, Poverty, Help etc)  · â€Å"I will give you a talisman. Whenever you are in doubt, or when the self becomes too much with you, apply the following test. Recall the face of the poorest and the weakest man [woman] whom you may have seen, and ask yourself, if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him [her]. Will he [she] gain anything by it? Will it restore him [her] to a control over his [her] own life and destiny? In other words, will it lead to swaraj [freedom] for the hungry and spiritually starving millions? Then you will find your doubts and your self melt away. Preamble of Indian Constitution WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONST ITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November,1949,do HERE BY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.  ·  ·  · Honest disagreement is often a good sign of progress – Mahatma Gandhi A strange darkness engulfs earth today – Jibanananda Das (Used in Essay on Indian Heritage). One ounce of practice is worth twenty thousand tons of big talk (Swami Vivekananda – This quote can be used to conclude almost every essay). â€Å"The future depends on what we do in the present. † Mahatma Gandhi (Can be used to conclude almost every essay). â€Å"Strength is Life, Weakness is Death. Expansion is Life, Contraction is Death. Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Love is Life, Hatred is Death. † — Swami Vivekananda Resources for Essay Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom – Nehru’s Speech on India’s Independence. (The speech was made to the Indian Constituent Assembly, on the eve of India's independence, towards midnight on August 14, 1947. It focuses on the aspects that transcend India's history. It is considered in modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British Empire in India. ) I am a slow walker, but I never walk backwards – Abhraham Lincoln Only as high as I can reach can I grow. Only as far as I can seek can I go. Only as deep as I can look can I see. Only as much as I can I dream can I be. Look at the sky. We are not alone. The whole universe is friendly to us and conspires only to give the best to those who dream and work. Abdul Kalam Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection; Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action-Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake. Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay – Rabindranath Tagore (Let us remember the golden words of Guru Rabindra Nath Tagore which still serve as lighthouse & illuminate the direction for the nation to move in). India of my Dreams â€Å"I shall work for an India in which the poorest shall feel that it is their country, in whose making they have an effective voice, an India in which there shall be no high class and low class of people, an India in which all communities shall live in perfect harmony. There shall be no room in such an India for the curse of untouchability. Women will enjoy same rights as men. We shall be at peace with the rest of the world. This is India of my dreams† – M. K. Gandhi. Education The real difficulty is that people have no idea of what education truly is. We assess the value of education in the same manner as we assess the value of land or of shares in the stock-exchange market. We want to provide only such education as would enable the student to earn more. We hardly give any thought to the improvement of the character of the educated. The girls, we say, do not have to earn; so why should they be educated? As long as such ideas persist there is no hope of our ever knowing the true value of education. Mahatma Gandhi Sustainable Development â€Å"The earth, the air, the land and the water are not am inheritance from our fore fathers but on loan from our children. So we have to handover to them at least as it was handed over to us. † ~Mahatma Gandhi â€Å"Nature has enough for Man’s Need but not for Man’s Greed† – Mahatma Gandhi Conclusion: â€Å"Man has been u niquely endowed in that he can contemplate on his mortality & sadly if we do not soon realize that it is no longer a question of either development or environment but Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay armonius development or doom, we may find that we should be the first species to orchestrate its own extinction† Women Empowerment (Include examples of Inspirational & Remarkable women like Hellen Keller, Joan of Arc (French Catholic Saint & led French army to victory during the Hundred Year’s war indirectly leading to coronation of Charles VII), Mother Teresa, Sister Nivedita, Margaret Thatcher (Iron Lady & PM of England from 1979 to 1990), Indira Gandhi, Aung San Suu Kyi, Angela Merkel, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Michelle Bachelet (Chile President, Surgeon), Hellen Clark (PM of New Zealand), Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Often referred to as the â€Å"Iron Lady†, Johnson-Sirleaf is Africa's first elected female head of state i. e. Pres ident), Pratibha Patil, Tarja Halonen (Current President of Finland). The real difficulty is that people have no idea of what education truly is. We assess the value of education in the same manner as we assess the value of land or of shares in the stock-exchange market. We want to provide only such education as would enable the student to earn more. We hardly give any thought to the improvement of the character of the educated. The girls, we say, do not have to earn; so why should they be educated? As long as such ideas persist there is no hope of our ever knowing the true value of education. – Mahatma Gandhi â€Å"It is impossible to think about the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is impossible for a bird to fly on only one wing† – Swami Vivekananda. Women have been taught that, for us, the earth is flat, and that if we venture out, we will fall off the edge† The emotional, sexual, and psychological stereotyping of females begins when the doctor says, â€Å"It's a girl. † ~Shirley C hisholm Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, â€Å"She doesn't have what it takes. † They will say, â€Å"Women don't have what it takes. † ~Clare Boothe Luce I asked a Burmese why women, after centuries of following their men, now walk ahead. He said there were many unexploded land mines since the war. ~Robert Mueller All nations have attained greatness by paying proper respect to women. That country and that nation which do not respect women have never become great, nor will ever be in future – Swami Vivekananda Manu, the law giver, has written Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra devta, it means God resides in homes where women are respected It’s a tragedy that since the time the first human opened his eyes, he started subjugating his own creator – the woman. Religion â€Å"True religion is not a narrow dogma. It is not external observance. It is faith in God and living in the presence of God†. – Mahatma Gandhi â€Å"All the different religions are but applications of the one religions adapted to suite the requirements of different nations†. – Swami Vivekananda. Media â€Å"Let the people know the facts & the country will be safe† – Abraham Lincoln Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay â€Å"Where the Eyes go, the mind also goes there† – Vedas (Among the five sense organs, eye is the most subtle. Whatever the eyes see the mind perceives quickly and retains for a long period. This underlines the impact of Media on human mind as well as behaviour). Conclusion: If world has become a prosperous global valley it is the Media which will have to become a lighthouse. Humanity (Serving Humanity) â€Å"All my life I have lived like an animal on the street & now I am dying like an angel† – A man uttered these final words as he lay dying in an angel’s lap. The angel was none other than Mother Teresa who in the slums of Kolkata saw Christ in the distressing disguise of a destitute & downtrodden. â€Å"If in this hell of a world one can bring a little joy & peace even for a day into the heart of a single person, that much alone is true; this I have learnt after suffering all my life, all else is mere moonshine† – Swami Vivekananda Judicial Activism â€Å"Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice; Take each man’s censure, but reserve thy judgment. † William Shakespeare (Wrote this in his hamlet many centuries back. Even today judiciary is seen as the last asylum to many who long for the deserved justice). Equality: â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. † – Martin Luther King Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Examples of Creative Sentences (Which can be Generalized Elsewhere)  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  · Any judge/MP who seeks immunity from truth under the cover of the robe robs the right of We, the People of India, the sovereign of Bharat. The Court is an open book & if the Bench seeks an iron curtain between its economic interest & Litigant community, it is violative of Glasnost (the policy of openness & transparency). Democracy is an open book & if any public functionary seeks an iron curtain between its own interest & the public, it is violative of Glasnost. In our murky world of gloom, greed & agony, our duty is to save the country of means of a compassionate recipe & dedicated endevaours. hope†¦. is defined by a farmer who ploughs his land when drought conditions prevail,by the blind who learn colors,young girl who steps into mama's high heels. Conclusion of Essay on Democracy: The success of Indian democracy in future will hugely depend on how the human resource of this nation is able to raise itself to face the challenge of the new economic & political scenario,. For all its strengths & weaknesses, this is where the future of the Indian democracy hinges. Go to the interior tribal villages of India. If you have a healthy little girl child coming out of the school with a smile on her face & a mind sharper than yesterday, we should be on the right track.  ·  ·  · The unmatchable planning of Harrapans, the empire of Ashoka, the ragas of Nanak, Kabir & Namdeva find their place in the Golden words throughout the world. (India of my Dreams). We have not invaded anyone. We have not conquered anyone. We have not grabbed their land, their culture, their history and tried to enforce our way of life on them (Quotation by Abdul Kalam). Why are we, as a nation so obsessed with foreign things? Is it a legacy of our colonial years? We want foreign television sets. We want foreign shirts. We want foreign technology. Why this obsession with everything imported? In the beginners mind there are many possibilities, in the expert’s mind there are few. Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Nehru’s Tryst with Destiny Speech Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge f dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. At the dawn of history India started on her unending quest, and trackless centuries are filled with her striving and the grandeur of her success and her failures. Through good and ill fortune alike she has never lost sight of that quest or forgotten the ideals which gave her strength. We end today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the greater triumphs and achievements that await us. Are we brave enough and wise enough to grasp this opportunity and accept the challenge of the future? Freedom and power bring responsibility. The responsibility rests upon this Assembly, a sovereign body representing the sovereign people of India. Before the birth of freedom we have endured all the pains of labour and our hearts are heavy with the memory of this sorrow. Some of those pains continue even now. Nevertheless, the past is over and it is the future that beckons to us now. That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving so that we may fulfil the pledges we have so often taken and the one we shall take today. The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity. The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over. Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay And so we have to labour and to work, and work hard, to give reality to our dreams. Those dreams are for India, but they are also for the world, for all the nations and peoples are too closely knit together today for any one of them to imagine that it can live apart Peace has been said to be indivisible; so is freedom, so is prosperity now, and so also is disaster in this One World that can no longer be split into isolated fragments. To the people of India, whose representatives we are, we make an appeal to join us with faith and confidence in this great adventure. This is no time for petty and destructive criticism, no time for ill-will or blaming others. We have to build the noble mansion of free India where all her children may dwell. The appointed day has come-the day appointed by destiny-and India stands forth again, after long slumber and struggle, awake, vital, free and independent. The past clings on to us still in some measure and we have to do much before we redeem the pledges we have so often taken. Yet the turning-point is past, and history begins anew for us, the history which we shall live and act and others will write about. It is a fateful moment for us in India, for all Asia and for the world. A new star rises, the star of freedom in the East, a new hope comes into being, a vision long cherished materializes. May the star never set and that hope never be betrayed! We rejoice in that freedom, even though clouds surround us, and many of our people are sorrowstricken and difficult problems encompass us. But freedom brings responsibilities and burdens and we have to face them in the spirit of a free and disciplined people. On this day our first thoughts go to the architect of this freedom, the Father of our Nation [Gandhi], who, embodying the old spirit of India, held aloft the torch of freedom and lighted up the darkness that surrounded us. We have often been unworthy followers of his and have strayed from his message, but not only we but succeeding generations will remember this message and bear the imprint in their hearts of this great son of India, magnificent in his faith and strength and courage and humility. We shall never allow that torch of freedom to be blown out, however high the wind or stormy the tempest. Our next thoughts must be of the unknown volunteers and soldiers of freedom who, without praise or reward, have served India even unto death. We think also of our brothers and sisters who have been cut off from us by political boundaries and who unhappily cannot share at present in the freedom that has come. They are of us and will remain of us whatever may happen, and we shall be sharers in their good and ill fortune alike. The future beckons to us. Whither do we go and what shall be our endeavour? To bring freedom and opportunity to the common man, to the peasants and workers of India; to fight and end poverty and Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay ignorance and disease; to build up a prosperous, democratic and progressive nation, and to create social, economic and political institutions which will ensure justice and fullness of life to every man and woman. We have hard work ahead. There is no resting for any one of us till we redeem our pledge in full, till we make all the people of India what destiny intended them to be. We are citizens of a great country on the verge of bold advance, and we have to live up to that high standard. All of us, to whatever religion we may belong, are equally the children of India with equal rights, privileges and obligations. We cannot encourage communalism or narrow-mindedness, for no nation can be great whose people are narrow in thought or in action. To the nations and peoples of the world we send greetings and pledge ourselves to cooperate with them in furthering peace, freedom and democracy. And to India, our much-loved motherland, the ancient, the eternal and the ever-new, we pay our reverent homage and we bind ourselves afresh to her service. Ten Political Disgrace of Free India (India) 1. The Emergency, June 1975-March 1977: It effectively bestowed on Indira Gandhi the power to rule by decree, suspending elections as well as civil liberties, such as the right to free press. 2. Operation Bluestar, June 1984: It was a political disaster and an unprecedented act in Indian history. Its aftermath and the increased tensions led to assaults on the Sikh community in India. 3 The Bofors scandal, 1987-1996: One of the biggest political scams in the country till date, involving Rs 64 crore. It was responsible for Rajiv Gandhi’s defeat in the November 1989 general elections. 4. Demolition of Babri Masjid, December 1992: The date has remained etched as a blot in Indian history. The mosque was destroyed by 15,000 strong Hindu extremists as BJP leaders watched. 5. The JMM Bribery Case, July 1993: The democratic values of the country were put to shame when the then PM P. V. Narasimha Rao was accused of bribing members of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha to vote in his favour in the confidence motion. 6. Fodder Scam, January 1996: The scam involved millions of dollars in alleged fraudulent reimbursements from the treasury of Bihar for fodder, medicines and husbandry supplies for non-existent livestock. It forced Lalu Prasad Yadav, the then CM of the state, to resign. 7. The IC-814 Hijacking, December 1999: IC-814 was hijacked by terrorists and taken to Kandahar. The government was forced to release dreaded terrorists for the passengers. Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay 8. The Arms Bribery Scandal, March 2001: India’s coalition government began to fall apart when video tapes of highly-placed officials taking bribes in arms deals were released in 2001, forcing the then BJP president Bangaru Laxman to resign. 9. Gujarat riots, February-March 2002: The riots were horrific blotches of communal hatred in the country’s secular history. Despite the killings of 254 Hindus and 790 Muslims, the state government chose to sit in a cushy corner, doing nothing to stop the wave of hatred. 10. The vote of no confidence, July 2008: Parliament was adjourned after BJPmembers waved around wads of money, claiming they were offered cash in return for their support. Ghanshyam Thori Resources for Essay

Memorandum-Statement of Cash Flows Essay

Memorandum To:Stockholders of Carpino Company CC:Ms. Lydia Money, Chief Executive Officer From:W. E. Count, Financial Analyst Date:10/5/13 Re:Corporate Financial Position/Statement of Cash Flows I have been charged to examine the Financial Statements of Carpino Company for the purpose of providing an objective opinion regarding organizational capacity to generate sufficient cash to continue as a going concern. Toward that end, I have examined financial statements and have prepared the attached Statement of Cash Flows for the Year Ended January 31, 2007. I am pleased to inform Carpino Company stockholders that your company has successfully begun the transition from the introductory phase to the growth phase of operations and your prospects for continued financial growth are excellent. Carpino Company’s Statement of Cash Flows confirms that the organization enjoyed a high performing first year of operations with a net increase of cash of $105,000. Substantial investments were made in the purchase of productive assets during Year One totally an amount of $410,000. These assets will support and facilitate growth efforts going forward. Rest assured that expenditures for inventory will decrease significantly beginning with Year Two, with primarily repair and upgrade expenditures being incurred. Stock issues were made for the purchase of productive assets in the amount of $10,000. Carpino used $325,000 in investing activities in the hopes to create higher capital in the future. This financing debt has likewise peaked during Year One. In spite of the cash outlays required to sufficiently introduce and sale your brand. Carpino experienced a net increase in cash of $105,000.00 at the end of Year One. Doing so speaks of outstanding management of company resources and is highly commendable. Carpino Company is now positioned for tremendous growth and the generation of increased cash flows. As stockholders, you should be pleased with the foundation on which Carpino Company has been built. The organization is poised for great success in the foreseeable future. By closely monitoring financial operations and analysis of the Statement of Cash Flows, you should expect to experience stable and profitable operations for many years to come. Thank you. Sincerely, W. E. Count, Financial Analyst Carpino Company Statement of Cash Flows For the year ended January 31st, 2007

Give a description of the Cosmological Principle, and present a Essay

Give a description of the Cosmological Principle, and present a summary in your own words. Is it a truly scientific principle - Essay Example This paper seeks to give an in-depth analysis of the cosmological principle. Cosmological principle There have been various perspectives on the uniformity of the earth at any position. Some people do argue that the differences in the earth are there and evident which is in contradiction with the scientific point of view. The cosmological principle is entirely based on scientific principles and it argues that the earth is uniform irrespective of the point of reference. To many people, this is not observed to be so because they usually consider the physical features. In terms of physical features, differences are evident with some regions being mountainous while others are covered by water bodies. Despite this, the laws of physics have proved that they are applicable in all these situations without deviations. Due to technological advancement, there are various means used in observing the world mainly machinery with improved precision to identify any deviations (Ferreira, 2007). The co smological principle has three implicit qualifications and two testable consequences. They usually play a significant role in ensuring a clear understanding of the entire principle is clearly got. ... In critical analysis of the laws of physics, factors such as wavelength and electronic charge are observed to be constrained. The final qualification refers to distinction between large bodies around the earth, such as the sun, stars. It is evident that some galaxies moves towards the earth while other moves far away. It is evident that all these bodies are independent of each other but none of them violates the laws of physics. Testable Structural consequences of Cosmological principle Homogeneity-This mainly refers to the uniformity of the earth from various position an observer may view it. Isotropy-Isotropy refers to uniformity in observation despite looking in any direction in the earth (Cheng, 2005). Despite the differences in the principles, they are all interrelated. The cosmological principle is observed to be in line with the isotropy of other large bodies around the earth. Some of these bodies include radio galaxies, red shift, and cosmic microwave background radiation amo ng others. These relations are observed to have a direct and indirectly impacts on the earth and thus their presence cannot be neglected. In addition, some observed characteristics are because of interaction between the various galaxies. A good example is the Sloan digital sky survey. The early cosmologies argued that the earth was at the center of the universe. After many years of research, Isaac newton in mid seventeenth century came up with the new cosmology. According to him, the earth is spherical and in constant motion around the sun in specified direction and path. The earth is not located adjacent to the sun with a very large distance between them. In his quest to understand the relation between the various

Apple Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apple Computers - Essay Example Yet, as we look forward to a happy ending, earnings taper off and it appears as though the saga may be over after all. However, a feeling of quiet confidence gradually takes over the observer, as both Apple Computers and Jobs negotiate through each downturn with aplomb. Must a company's journey through time be so turbulent This document tries to draw lessons from the Apple experience and to suggest stable ways for commercial firms to manage their planning and operational processes. There are two over reaching factors that seem to have influenced strategic change at Apple Computers. The first is the frenetic pace of technological change. No other industrial sector has witnessed the continuous and rapid improvements in processor speeds, storage capacity, transmission options and software development. This has been a source of strength and an opportunity for the entrepreneurial culture of Apple Computers, but it has proved to be a handful for people such as Sculley who labored so hard to bring a semblance of order and discipline to the highly individualistic style of functioning to which die-hard company employees have become accustomed. A second factor which has affected strategy in this company has been the tumultuous and disorderly change of guard at the top. There is no precedent for such a striking founder to leave his creation while remaining in the business. Even more unusual has been the return of Jobs as a mere consultant to the company which he once owned. These moves, and indeed the manner of Sculley's departure have posed special challenges for the company. Strategy Review Systematic and regular environmental scanning seems to be a lacuna in the planning process at Apple Computers. Every enterprise needs a deep understanding of the values that its products and services deliver in an environment of global competitiveness (Ohmae, 1991, 61-74). The success of Jobs to see the opportunity in the graphic user interface which Xerox apparently missed, did not repeat itself when the company invested resources in Newton. It leads one to suspect that iPod may have come about by chance more than by a designed set of steps to understand dynamic customer needs. Environment scanning is an important and integral part of formulating strategy. We do not know if Apple Computers made the effort to reach out across the world, as for example IBM has always done, to weave market realism and new trends in consumer needs in to they way it thinks and works as an organization. The genius of Jobs could have been a drag for the company he founded, for he is clearly a person who th inks way ahead of his time. The story of Apple's strategy could be seen in the light of essential differences between a University Research Department and the function in a pharmaceutical concern which creates solely for profit. Jobs seems to have erred in mixing business and more visionary roles in a manner that continued to haunt the company long after he had left. We do know from the case that Sculley tried hard to rectify matters, but perhaps his 'sugary water' background prevented him from managing the environmental scanning process with the technological orientation it deserved. This is reflected in IBM and even prime rival Microsoft making good business use of some key Apple innovations! Overall, every business needs sound and

Health Campaign Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Health Campaign - Research Paper Example food safety and physical activity, though according to the overview results they mainly impact academic achievements of students from the target groups. Harris County Hospital District, official authorities, HCPHES, school administrations and volunteers from the target communities certainly try to change the situation for better. Nevertheless, their efforts are uncoordinated and not widely-advertised, that’s why local Hispanic and African-American communities are not involved in it properly. Thus, to improve current situation in Harris County an efficient Health Campaign is required. To establish this Health Campaign detailed statists is required, because organizes should be well-aware of quantity of the target groups, its basic needs, socio-economic status, health-related problems etc. In 2009 Harris County population included circa 4,070,000 residents; absolute majority (98%) lives in urban zone. Thus, large distances and transportation will not hamper arrangement of the health campaign. Both African-American (18.5%) and Hispanic (32.9%) communities make 50% of total population, that’s why the campaign must be large-scale and involve all abovementioned interested parties. (Appendix A) â€Å"According to the US 2005 American Community Survey, both the HA (14%) and the AA (12%) populations are represented as minorities.† (Talpade, 2008) Using CDC BRFSS, the campaign organizers can make a brief comparative analysis of general health status in the county with Healthy People 2010 objectives. As for improvement of daily ration and weight management, average weight of men makes 190 pounds, for women – 159 pounds. (CDC BRFSS, 2004) It means that obesity rate in the county is above average US obesity rate. 57% of residents drink alcohol more than twice per month and 40% smoke quite regularly. Thus, majority of members of African-American and Hispanic communities do not follow healthy diet and prefer fast-food or semi-finished products from the supermarkets.

Learning experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Learning experiences - Essay Example Bexley Public School, consisting of 320 and located in Sydney’s southern suburbs, is a middle-sized school perfect for this unit. This school has students from diverse backgrounds and cultures. The school takes pride in its diversity; 87.9% of students are from language backgrounds other than English (there are 34 different spoken languages in the school). The school provides a range of programs for children, such as joining the National Partnership for the students’ literacy to be enhanced. The school celebrate holidays such as Harmony Day, Mothers Day, Fathers Day, and Christmas. This unit is suitable for stage 1, year 2, as it teaches them about the different celebrations in their community. More specifically, it teaches them to accept and value the way other people celebrate the same celebrations but in different ways. For instance, there are different ways to celebrate a birthday. As there is a wide range of cultures, it is important for the students to understand the different types of celebrations and how they are celebrated so they can learn how to accept and tolerate people of other cultures. The students will be engaged in researching and participating in different celebrations, as well as talking to guest speakers to understand the unit of celebrations and differences between them. Also, the students must bring their own party decorations to see how each student celebrates. Students will need typing skills; hence, knowledge of Microsoft Word will be necessary. Students will be aware of the activities they will be doing in class. Each of the learning experiences involves hands-on activities that implements cooperative learning. Also, each learning experience commences with a discussion to check the children’s knowledge and whether they learnt anything from previous lessons. Hence, this will allow a discussion to be formed in which the students can make their own contributions to the topic. Hence, through this unit there will be a wide

Romeo and juliet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Romeo and juliet - Essay Example In my opinion, no one is directly to blame for the tragedy, it was matter-of fact, faults that occurred. The dispute between the Capulet’s and the Montague’s has expanded generations. The young love which has capitulated Romeo and Juliet into each other’s arms was something that nobody can help. It is quite true that love sees no reason, it only sees what it wants to see and this sets off their romantic story. As a famous line by Juliet in the play goes â€Å"Whats in a name? That which we call a rose. By any other name would smell as sweet† (Shakespeare, 55). The bickering of the two families is reminiscent of the problems which is the whole tragedy of the story. It was the plot of the play. It was a number of misfortunes that rolled into the final event. If there was any into the series of events that I would have to consider pivotal in the deaths it would have to be the slipup of the messenger in not being able to deliver the message to Romeo. A passage in the play goes (Shakespeare): When the message was not delivered to Romeo it was the culmination of the succeeding events. His ignorance of the fact that Juliet is not really dead aroused his emotions which led to his consequent suicide. Had he been informed that Juliet merely drank a potion but not poison then he would not have killed himself. In this case it would have to be in relation to the fault of Friar Laurence. The idea was set in motion by Father Laurence and therefore it is primarily his hand in the whole plan designed to ideally bring them back together. When he wed the two without the blessing of their families it was the start of the predicament escalating. He believed that by marrying the two he would be able to alleviate the two families’ war. ‘To turn your households rancour to pure love’ (Shakespeare, 115). He was helpless with the pleas of the couple. It was to their hearts desire that they be wed and there was little to nothing that could stop them from their

Write a Science Times style report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a Science Times style report - Essay Example The way that we are affected in frightening situation can be fatal at times. Scientific inventions in the 20th century have made it possible that these effects will not haunt us for long. The scientists have used the available resources to determine how fear can be managed and its impacts reduced or eliminated. This has been made possible through two options: medication or conditioning. The question is how long can the fear be extinguished? How efficient and effective is the method of extinguishing? What are the side effects that are associated with implementation of such practices? Is there possibility that fear will return? How can the fear that has returned be managed? In the year 2009, scientists Monfils et al. (2009) conducted a research using rats to help prevent a return of fear. The research aim was to determine a given window to which a return of fear could be prevented through post- retrieval extinction. Post- retrieval extinction is whereby additional activities are put in place after the removal of fear so as to see that it doesn’t come back. The research entailed the rats being fear induced, then exposed to retrieval trail. The duration between the induction and retrieval was 24 hours. After a period of 6 to 10 minutes, the rats were taken to training to see them forget the fear. One month after reconsolidation showed that there was no un- induced recovery of fear. The control experiment group, however, recovered the fear memory. This research therefore showed that fear reconsolidation was necessary to see the fear memory permanently removed. How does this apply to humans? A study by Schiller et al. (2010) was conducted in the year 2010, to determine if the results found among the rats could be used in humans. This research therefore used humans as the specimen instead of rats yet testing the same mechanism. Fear was induced in humans that were grouped in pairs using coloring. The

Training and Development evaluation in Human Resource Management Essay

Training and Development evaluation in Human Resource Management - Essay Example 2-3; Dransfield, 2000, p. 4-5). In HRM, training and development is meant to boost the performance of the workforce. The employees are put through a learning process that would assist them to acquire valuable knowledge, help them to improve their skills, rules, and concepts, by changing their attitude and their behaviour to work in the organisation. It is also called human resource development, learning and development or training and development (Rao, 2009, p. 8-11; Talwar, 2006, p. 1-3). In Human Resource management there are various different aspects, but this study aims at evaluating only training and development function of HRM and its significance in the organisation. The motive is mainly to study the magnitude of training and development and the various theories which different authors have stated to explain them. This will assist in capturing different point of view regarding training and development in the organisation. The study would also include the different types of tra ining methods which organisations generally utilise to coach their employees. This would assist in understanding the real life usage of the theories stated by the authors. Training assists in improving the knowledge and prepares the employees for new upcoming challenges. It is very important to train the employees to compete in the global challenges. According to Hamblin (1974), the evaluation process of training and development is an effort to gain information on the training process and the results of training on the employees. This is done to estimate the value that the training process has generated for the employer as well as for the employees. Wexley and Baldwin (1986) described that the training evaluation process is a system of gathering and studying the information so as to understand the ways to utilise the human resources in the best possible manner and achieve the mission, vision and objectives of the organisation. Previously the training and development processes were c riticized because of the lack of proper evaluation process (Mathison, 2004, p. 221). The yearly fixed targets were set for training and it was delivered accordingly, but none of them bothered to evaluate the results. So neither the positive effect of training was revealed nor was the negative aspects scrutinized and changed. No feedback system was there to take the opinion of the trainee employees, so improvement in the training process was not possible (Saks and Haccoun, 2011, p. 15-17). When it is the participants who decide and plan the training and development programs, it turns out to be a success because they know what they need to learn and what they already know about. So focusing accordingly on those areas in the training schedule is relevant. This is because training is indispensible for achievement and increasing productivity (Cornelius, 2001, p. 82-84). Training evaluation is a systematic process of analyzing and collecting the information regarding the programmes in tra ining. This is utilized by the human resource and training managers to plan and take decision regarding the effectiveness, relevance and the impact of the various components of training (Raab, Swanson, Wentling, and Dark, 1991). Since the companies nowadays are making huge investments for development and training, so training is no more a negligible issue in organization. For the employees in the organization,

Different kinds of festivals Essay Example for Free

Different kinds of festivals Essay In a year we have celebrated different kinds of festivals.Sometimes,we do celebrate festivals following our religion.Different religions have different festivals to celebrate.Festival are celebrated in a grand way and gives much joy. The same thing goes for me.I am a Hindu and I celebrate many festivals.The best festival I have ever experienced is Deepavali.Deepavali comes on the month of November and it is usually on the second week of the month.Deepavali is known as the festival of lights for the Hindus. Last year,my family and I celebrated Deepavali at our grandparent’s house.After we woke up,we had to take an oil bath which was massaged from the head down to our toes.Then, we wore our new traditional clothes,dhoti and sari.We got ready to go to the temple near the house. The priest in the temple made a special offering and prayers to the God on this special day. After prayers in the temple,we went back home.A fe w minutes later,my relatives and neighbours came to our house.My grandmother served them with scrumptious traditional food.For instance,murukku,vadai,and tose.They really enjoyed their food and they said it was very tasty. Before the guest left the house,my grandfather gave them â€Å"ang pows†.I was really shocked because throughout I know only Chinese gave â€Å"ang pows† during their festival,Chinese New Year but I never knew that Indiansdid that too. Then, it was time to take our lunch.My father prepared some banana leaves to use as plates.It had really a different taste when eating from a banana leaf.It really potraits a traditional style. In the evening,we packed our things to get ready to go back home.We really missed our grandparents because they were the only ones who celebrated Deepavali in a special way. Among all the Hindu festival,I think the last Deepavali was the best festival I had ever experienced.I like the way they celebrate the festival with lighting up lights around their house.It shows that our life always brightens with ha

Father of the Year Essay Example for Free

Father of the Year Essay Many people in Maycomb County , Alabama gathered to watch Atticus Finch defend Tom Robinson , a black man. The odds were already against Tom Robinson and Atticus because Tom Robinson was black and Mayella Ewell was white. Tom Robinson is being accused raping Mayella Ewell in her own home when he was suppose to be helping her with some work. Mayella told Tom Robinson to â€Å" †¦ come here, nigger, and bust up this chifferobe for me, I gotta nickel you. † According to her after she asked him to bust up the chifferobe tree he attempted to rape her. Before Atticus Finch even had a chance to question Mayella , she burst out in tears. She burst into tear when the judge simply said â€Å"Just tell us what happened†. At the stand Mayella was a nervous break down. Within the first few questions that Atticus asked her she freaked out because she thought that Atticus was â€Å"mockin† her. Atticus was only being polite by calling her maam and Ms. Mayella , and Mayella seemed to just take in offense. During the questioning by Atticus , Mayella kept her same story, that Tom Robinson raped her. She seemed to be unsure about that story mid-way through the questioning. Actually some of her responses to Atticuss questions didnt make sense or she wouldnt respond at all. She told the court room that Tom Robinson hit her with his left hand on the right side of her face, even though his left Crises in Maycomb By: Kevon McClary hand is paralyzed from an accident that accord while he was a child. The odd thing is that Mayella father, Bob Ewell , is left handed and was allegedly at the crime after the â€Å"rape† occurred. Throughout most of her questioning Mayella seemed as if she was confused. Mayella once stated â€Å" No, I dont recollect if he hit me. I mean yes I do, he hit me†. Mayella not speaking clearly during the questioning may lead the jury to think that she is lying about her story. [ In the picture above you will see Atticus Finch questioning Mayella Ewell. ] The last couple of questions that Atticus was asking Mayella , Mayella seemed to be getting angrier by the question. There was absolutely nothing that Mayella Ewell could be getting mad about. If I was in the jury , Mayella getting aggravated, nervous, and crying that would somewhat lead to me believing the she was lying about the whole thing. Mayella really seemed to be enraged when she said her finale statement , â€Å"That nigger yonder took advantage of me an if you fine fancy gentlemen dont wanta do nothin about it then youre all yellow stinkin cowards, stinkin cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs dont come to nothinyour maamin and Miss Mayellerin dont come to nothin, Mr. Finch. † My opinion of this trial is that Tom Robinson is innocent. From Mayella freaking out , to the obvious evidence that points out Tom Robinsons innocent. I think that Mayella Ewell is a great person, just raised by the wrong father. In a way it seems like all of Mayella answers were what Bob Ewell wanted her to say . She knows the truth behind it all , whether she wants to tell it or not. Its already obvious to the jury and the courtroom that tom Robinson is innocent. But the only thing is that Tom Robinson is an African American male whose word is not as important as the white man or even the white woman.

Love and Marriage in Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales

Love and Marriage in Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales Love and Marriage Insanities Making sense out of love and marriage ideals is not an easy task, especially as human actions in emotional circumstances do not follow any logic. It is a fact that has been proven consistently over time, across cultures and is also corroborated by many of the stories within Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales. In particular, The Knights Tale and The Millers Tale, that take place in two different social settings, make fun of conventional beliefs about love and marriage in the context of values such as bravery, street smartness, morality, and faithfulness. Through their plots, the narrators styles, and the contrast they set up between cherished and practiced values, the two tales highlight that human behavior in romantic situations is often unpredictable, crazy and colored by ones social class, confirming that there is no such thing as a model love or marriage. Although The Knights Tale plot is set in the halo of honor, chivalry and courtesy, the storys events and the characters actions show the silliness in how they treat love. As an example, the two cousins, Arcite and Palamon, are ready to kill each other for a woman neither of them has talked to. After escaping from the prison, Palamon discovers Arcites love for Emily and angrily challenges Arcite to a fight. Arcite responds, And I denounce all covenants that stand / Or are alleged, between you and me / remember love is free / And I will love her! I defy your might. (Chaucer 46) It is ironic that Arcite, who as a knight should keep his word and follow principles, is willing to break his earlier oath not to come in the way of his cousins love pursuit. Arcite justifies breaking his vow because as a free person he is not constrained whom he loves. He is willing to do whatever it takes to get Emily and doesnt care how strong Palamon is. Even though people can behave irrationally in matters involving love, both Palamon and Arcite are being stupid in this instance. Neither of them knows what Emily thinks. Isnt it exemplary love a two-way relationship? Whom are they courting and quarreling about? Are they willing to go to the extremes of killing each other for a woman who at this moment doesnt represent anything other than an image, symbol or trophy that theyve seen from a distance? What makes this even more bizarre is that Emily doesnt even want to get married. She prays to Goddess Diana, That I would be virgin all my life, / And would be neither mistress, no, nor wife. / of thy company, / A huntress walk the woodlands wild. (Chaucer 65) Emily doesnt like a mans company, prefers hunting and doesnt want to marry or bear children. This exposes the foolishness of what Arcite and Palamon were up to, even though they supposedly follow all the ideals of aristocratic class such as bravery, honor, bond and courtly love. The Knights Tale depiction of love is strongly influenced by its narrator, a knight, and his worldview. In the Prologue, the narrator is introduced as someone who followed chivalry, Truth, honour, generousness and courtesy. (Chaucer 4) Since in a knights world, bravery and physical fights resolve disputes, it is no wonder that in his story, a tournament clash is the best way to settle the rivalry between Emilys two suitors. She is no better than a trophy to be won in a contest. The King Theseus treats Emily, in the traditions of the aristocratic class, as a gift to win peace and harmony. Even though she apparently doesnt have any say, her suitors try to woo her with flowery language as per their traditions, customs and code of conduct. As an example, Arcite, while in prison, describes his feelings towards Emily to Palamon, And with a deep and piteous sigh he said: / The freshness of her beauty strikes me dead / Unless I at least see her day by day, / I am but dead (Chaucer 33) Arcit e is using fancy language to say that hell die if he doesnt the object of his love every day. Although the story represents love in flowery terms and as a bravery contest, reflecting the narrators perspective, the plot and characters actions speak of the irrational twists and turns in romantic pursuits. In contrast to the polished language and high-minded principles of the knights world, The Millers Tale depicts romantic situations in vulgar and comical tones, and in the process, makes fun of conventional dos and donts about love and marriage. As an example, the way Alison handles her two suitors, Nicholas and Absalon, is not only hilarious but also a not so subtle middle-class snub of the upper-class imposed view about love. When Alisons husband leaves for work, Nicholas tries to woo her with aggressive sexual advances. In response, she reacts, Swearing shed love him, with a solemn promise / To be at his disposal / When she could spy an opportunity. (Chaucer 91) She is so attracted to the street-smart Nicholas that she has no problems in being at his disposal. She just wants to wait for the right opportunity when it is safe for her to cheat on her husband. In stark contrast to falling for the physical advances of Nicholas, Alison refuses the dignified courtship of the parish clerk Absalon. Not only does she spurn his affection, she does so by tricking him to kiss her genitals. After this trickery, Teehee! she laughed, and clapped the, window to; / Off went poor Absalon sadly through the dark. (Chaucer 103) Alisons contrasting responses, towards her suitors, highlight the qualities, a middle-class girl like her, admires the most: street smartness, boldness and physical attraction represented by Nicholas. On the other hand, she humiliates Absalon, making a mockery of his gentlemanly approaches and sweet words. Further, by being part of an extra-marital affair, she is being unfaithful to her husband. She also participates in Nicholass scheme to deceive her naive husband, that ends up making him a laughing-stock of the town. When John fell from the boat and no one listened to him, Alison and Nicholas told the town people, That he was mad, Some sort of nonsense about Nowels Flood All started laughing at this lunacy. (Chaucer 105) This episode, in addition to her i nfidelity, was Alisons payback for her marriage with the much older carpenter and his extraordinary protective nature. Maybe, she was married to him because he was rich, a practice that was common in arranged marriages in the medieval middle class. The Millers Tale narrators drunkenness and middle-class perspective shapes his story in direct, crude, and vulgar terms. In the Prologue, he proudly states that One shouldnt be too inquisitive in life / Either about Gods secrets or ones wife. /Gods plenty all you could desire / better not enquire. (Chaucer 88) Through these words, the narrator expresses his view that men shouldnt care about their wives or Gods private affairs. There are lots of women in this world to choose from and men shouldnt ask about the rest. Maybe the narrator has loose morals. Or, his middle-class outlook conditions him to talk frankly about subjects like physical sex and infidelity. In the narrators real world, instant gratification is more practical than high-minded principles or morals. Its also an environment that rewards street smartness and land grab mindset of Nicholas and looks down upon the poetic verbiage of Absalon. In any case, the narrators choice of words and the substance of his tale sets up a significant contrast with the polished language and plot of the Knights Tale. Although the two tales, set in different social contexts, are influenced by their narrators style and language, both stories spotlight that there is no universal standard one can use to judge human actions in love and marriage. The Knights Tale, despite its depictions of idolized values such as honor, bravery, and courteousness, boils love down to essentially a competition instead of a two-way relationship. The Millers Tale, despite its vulgarity and crudeness, presents the day-to-day happenings in love and marriage in ordinary folks lives, in stark contrast to the ivory tower world of the aristocratic class. Both stories, however, confirm that human behavior in love and marriage circumstances is often moody, irrational and erratic. It is, therefore, foolish to make predictions about human behavior in such matters where ones heart rules the brain.

Fall of the House of Usher :: essays research papers

The Fall of the House of Usher is definitely a piece written in Poe's usual style; a dark foreboding tale of death and insanity filled with imagery, allusion, and hidden meaning. It uses secondary meanings and underlying themes to show his beliefs and theories without actually addressing them. It convinces us without letting us know we're being convinced, and at the same time makes his complex thoughts relatively clear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the literal level the story is about a man (the narrator) visiting his boyhood friend who is suffering from â€Å"acuteness of the senses†. His friend, Roderick Usher, sent for him in hopes that his friend might afford him solace. Though his mental problems were a large part of his sorrow, most of it was due to his sister's illness. Much of the narrator's time at The House of Usher was spent reading philosophical books with Usher, apparently a great hobby of them both. One evening Usher came to the narrator and informed him â€Å"that the lady Madeline [Usher's sister] was no more.† He also informed him of his intentions of keeping her corpse for a fortnight in one of the many vaults in the house. Having no wish to oppose his wishes, the narrator helps him entomb the body at Usher's request. The mood in the house has worsened, and Usher is no longer himself. The narrator finds him ranting about the storm, and he explains to him its only a natural phenomenon, and turns to their earlier hobby of reading to distract him. He chooses the Mad Trist, which is apparently a story completely created by Poe (and is definitely in his style). It is a story of a Hero, Ethelred, who forcibly enters the home of a hermit and finds a dragon in his place. During his telling of the story, the narrator hears noises but dismisses them as coincidence. As he continued the sounds began to get louder, and eventually Usher speaks , â€Å"yes, I hear it, and have heard it ... We have put her living in the tomb!† At this point the reader still thinks Usher is mad and is hearing his sister in death (as did the character in The Tell Tale Heart), but soon that theory is disproven when the lady Madeline does indeed still live and enters the room killing her brother. The narrator flees at the sight of this and soon after the House of Usher collapses.

Video Analysis of Color Adjustment Essays -- Marlon T. Riggs

Marlon T. Riggs’ video, Color Adjustment, offers the viewer an exciting trip though the history of television, focusing on the representation, or lack thereof, of African-Americans. A perfectly chosen combination of television producers, actors, sociologists, and cultural critics join forces to offer insight and professional opinion about the status of African-Americans in television since the inception of television itself. As Color Adjustment traces the history of television shows from Amos n’ Andy and Julia to "ghetto sitcoms" and The Cosby Show, the cast of television professionals and cultural critics discuss the impacts those representations have on both the African-American community and our society as a whole. Color Adjustment continually asks the question: "Are these images positive?" This video raises the viewer’s awareness about issues of positive images for African-Americans on television. I chose this video because it raised my awareness by questioning the difference between positive role models, such as The Cosby Show, and positive images for all African-Americans. The issues discussed and comments made by the cast piqued my interest and helped change my perspective on the history of African-American representation in the media, especially in the realm of television. Color Adjustment contains more than just endless ‘talking heads’ – it has elements of fact, history, and professional opinion all blended together in an engaging format. It was extremely exciting to hear the TV producers like Hal Kanter and David Wolper talk about their own productions in retrospect. Most importantly to me, Color Adjustment changed my perspective on African-American representation in the media by challenging me to think about images... ...writers of all races and every ethnicity could be shown this video to learn about stereotypes to avoid in their screenplays. Television and movie producers could benefit from hearing other producers such as Hal Kanter and David Wolper talk about their experiences with African-American representation in their shows. Viewing Color Adjustment was an informative pleasure. It was a stimulating video that led me on a personal journey of enlightenment. It chronicled African-American trials in television representation and provided me with the knowledge to examine future representations in the media more carefully. This video was a great addition to this class and to me as a person. I hope that there will be a Part 3 to this series that I can show in my own classrooms one day; I also hope with continuing education Parts 3 and 4 will have more "positive" images to discuss.

Lysistrata Essay -- essays research papers

Lysistrata A play about making war – and not making love†¦ The Talbot Theatre production of Lysistrata both entertained and delighted this member of the audience, who was there partly because of an English assignment requirement, but mainly because of the opportunity to enjoy a live theatre production. The theatre company employed many different components to bring this antiwar play to life that evening on the stage. These components can be broken into three categories, which visually enhanced the text of the play. The first of these categories is the setting, the stage lighting, and the props. The second component is the symbolism of some of those props, and the third component is the character portrayals by the actors on the stage. To take us back to ancient Greece, the props master employed a very simple interpretation using columns on a raised set of steps, with a backdrop of blue. To add to the feel of the era, a statue stands in the middle of the platform. This platform serves double duty as the Akropolis and as the Citadel, both of which the women have occupied. When the men light a fire below the walls of the Akropolis, smoke pours out of the bundle of sticks, making it appear as if a fire has really been ignited. Fortunately the women are ready and the fire is extinguished and the men all doused with water, which is portrayed well with buckets and actions that look as if the men are being driven away by the water. When Kinesias comes to see Myrrhine, and they he...

Flooring Company Business Plan Essay

JD Epoxy has established a website that gives general information about products and services. The website will be developed with more detailed functions so it can offer customer services like consultation, Q&A, and reservations. Also, JD Epoxy plans to use the website for links to other social media like Facebook, Youtube and Blogger to connect with customers more closely, and there will be video materials introducing the JD Epoxy team that will deliver a friendly and trustworthy image to customers. Presently Daniel minimizes costs by managing the business from his home. He rents grinders, vacuums, and application tools from Gestion Anny-Picard, and Simplex. He purchases supplies on a per-project basis from CTM adhesives. He plans to open a warehouse in the West Island area as his client base increases, in order to keep an inventory of supplies and purchase equipment. As business continues to grow, he will add an office space to the warehouse. Presently all of the installation work is done by Daniel and Yannick. As contracts increase, they will need to hire additional labor, which will enable them to concentrate on other tasks. The usual installation process takes a couple of days, so having multiple teams will boost the productivity of the business. For the time being Daniel will continue to deal with customers directly by phone and by visiting them in person for estimations. Once financing is ready, JD Epoxy will set up a customer service department to deal with clients. The customer service department will answer the phone, respond to questions and take reservations from customers, as well as attending to the website services. The team will be composed of at least two people in the beginning, so that they can rotate break times, since there should be constant service during business hours. Once website traffic and call volume increases, the customer service team will be expanded to limit wait times. When a customer calls for a consultation, Daniel visits in person to give a more detailed quote and provide explanations about the service procedures. This is a very important role in this business since customers can change their minds during this step, so it requires someone with professional knowledge and great communication skills to interact with the customer. That is why Daniel prefers to visit customers himself at this point rather than sending an employee. However, JD Epoxy will start to prepare a sales consultation department for the future. There will be intense training for customer visitation and quoting. The sales consultation department will be necessary when appointments increase and will allow a more flexible schedule to customers, since overlapping appointments will be possible once the department is in place. The sales consultation department is very important in the JD Epoxy organization since they will represent the company on the front line and speak on behalf of the company, bringing in actual contracts that lead to profits. The accounting department will deal with financing, taxes, and payroll. This department should be organized from the beginning, since JD Epoxy is a partnership, and delegating the accounting work to a third party will give a more objective overview of the company’s financial state and preserves a fair relationship between the partners. The accounting department will start with one inside book keeper working in liaison with an external accounting firm, until JD Epoxy can select a CFO. JD Epoxy will establish a marketing team which will support the sales department by providing target regions and information for sales pitches. This department will work closely with the sales and accounting departments to coordinate the marketing budget and set sales objectives. JD Epoxy will have a general administration department that organizes documents and handles day-to-day office tasks such as routing calls and dealing with suppliers. This department has an important role because they act as the glue that binds all the other departments together, tracking procedures from beginning to end. This department will start with one employee, and expand as needed. These five departments should fit together like nuts and bolts. Each department needs the others’ support at all times. They should be able to share their opinions and information openly. There will be regular meetings and events with all departments present to encourage teamwork and motivation. The glue of the business will center around a management software that Daniel will program. This software will follow clients throughout the whole workflow of the business. All departments will work on the same software and they will update the customer information as it passes through the business: marketing to sales, to production, and finally to clientele satisfaction. This software will track all information of the client and respective projects. At the end of the year, we will know exactly the sales ratio per marketing tool and per period, the gallons bought and used, the hourly estimates and charges, etc. We will then precisely analyze the business and be able to correct faults rapidly. Work Flow: Organizational Structure Goal: JD Epoxy Based on the sales projection JD Epoxy sales revenue will be around $75,000 in 2013 and grow to $150,000, $300,000, and $500,000 in the following years. The SME report (NAICS code # 23833), shows how much members of this industry are spending for wages and labor. For instance, companies with revenue around $70,000 spend $11,000 for wages and labor, while those with revenue around $300,000 spend $77,000 for wages and labor. Since we should include the CEO’s salary in this cost, from 2013 to 2016, JD Epoxy cannot pay for full time employees; they can only afford part time employees when needed. In 2017, JD Epoxy can start to offer full time positions to part time employees and begin hiring full time employees thereafter.

Fighting Racism in Africa

In September 1984, the segregated townships of the blacks in South Africa’s Vaal Triangle, around twenty five miles away from Johannesburg, were suddenly lit up – burned by the fury of resistance. It seemed as though the helplessness felt by the blacks for two years during which their rebellion had been controlled had suddenly turned into extreme anger. In any case, it became apparent at the time that the region was ungovernable by all means. Moreover, it appeared as though the Soweto revolt of 1976 was being repeated in the history of South Africa (Davis). After all, the blacks had not been able to secure their rights in their own countries during that time. It is ironic that the blacks have had to fight racism in their own countries for a very long time. The African National Congress was established to struggle for their rights. On its website, the African National Congress describes itself thus: The ANC is a national liberation movement. It was formed in 1912 to unite the African people and spearhead the struggle for fundamental political, social and economic change. For nine decades the ANC has led the struggle against racism and oppression, organizing mass resistance, mobilizing the international community and taking up the armed struggle against apartheid. The ANC achieved a decisive democratic breakthrough in the 1994 elections, where it was given a firm mandate to negotiate a new democratic Constitution for South Africa. The new Constitution was adopted in 1996. The ANC was re-elected in 1999 to national and provincial government with an increased andate. The policies of the ANC are determined by its membership and its leadership is accountable to the membership. Membership of the ANC is open to all South Africans above the age of 18 years, irrespective of race, color and creed, who accept its principles, policies and programs (â€Å"What is the African National Congress†). Stephen Davis, in his book, Apartheid's Rebels: Inside South Africa's Hidden War, describes the African National Congress in greater detail. According to the author, this movement has acted as the chief mobilizing agency of black resistance in South Africa. Furthermore, the unrest experienced by South Africa during the mid-1980’s was staged by the African National Congress through a tremendous transformation of the blacks. The unrest was neither unplanned; nor was it short-lived. Rather, the main adversary of Pretoria – the African National Congress – had developed it through an ever-widening network of secret cells where blacks were politicized as well as schooled in all manners of confrontation (Davis). Although the African National Congress has played a part in the governance of South Africa, Davis claims that the movement is rather unruly in the sense that it employed clandestine couriers that slipped across international borders, in addition to insurgents that primed themselves for attacks, including sabotage, against their enemies who were understood to be superior in both numbers as well as weaponry. The author also details the relationship between the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party – an ally. The propaganda of Pretoria had exploited this connection, while the legislators of the United States had been troubled by the effect that sanctions would have had on this friendship. According to Davis, the South African Communist Party was influential enough in the policymaking process of the African National Congress to be a cause of worry. The surge of new recruits that had been trained in violent rebellion had also given rise to apprehension within the African National Congress. Oliver Tambo, an exiled leader of the African National Congress, had taken a rather radical position because of this friendship. Nevertheless, Tambo argued that the majority of the blacks would simply balk at the endorsement of Marxist rule if free elections were to take place in South Africa. Hence, Davis believes that the relationship between the South African Communist Party and the African National Congress was merely one of convenience for the latter. The African National Congress enjoyed the assistance of the South African Communist Party in its underground operations. Moreover, the South African Communist Party was known to supply weapons as well as intelligence information from its Russian sponsors to the African National Congress. At the same time, the South African Communist Party acknowledged the importance of the struggle against apartheid that the African National Congress was engaged in. What is more, the South African Communist Party hoped to establish a Marxist society once the African National Congress had won its struggle (Davis). Thus, Davis’ study describes the struggles, divisions, and weaknesses of the African National Congress, while also dwelling on the successes of the movement. As an example, the African National Congress was able to transform itself at a time when it was almost forgotten. The movement was able to spread its roots far and wide by nurturing alliances with the United Democratic Front, a movement of mass protest, in addition to the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Davis). Undoubtedly, the African National Congress has come a long way. At the same time, however, its history leaves a number of questions unanswered for the reader. The main question seems to be the following: In a world applauding the power of information and knowledge – must we continue to fight against discrimination? Sadly, the answer is, ‘Yes, our world is not civilized enough at this point. ’

Retail Travel Operations

Independents An independent agent is usually family owned, they have been in the business for a long time and have years of experience and built up a lot of knowledge. They usually only have 1/2 branches and have a loyal customer base in their local area. Also they are independently owned. They are usually found in the back streets rather than on the high street or in shopping centres. An example of an independent agent is fails worth travel.The role of an independent travel agent is to sell holidays; they give advice on destinations and provide excellent customer service to their customers in hope of building up repeat customers. Independent agents offer a range of products and services such as tailor made holidays and charter flights. A tailor made holiday is a package suited to the needs of a particular customer. The joy of a tailor-made itinerary is that your holiday is designed around your requirements and you are not restricted to the set itinerary of a group departure.Dynamic packaging is when travellers use the internet to research their holidays and make their own travel arrangements direct with airlines, hotels, and car companies A charter flight is a private flight scheduled to meet the needs of specific passengers or organisations. Some flights leave at regular intervals with tickets being purchased up to the day of departure by the general public, where as charter flights are arranged by request.They can be used for a variety of purposes for example flighing time and moving passengers, the price for this service is usually higher than using a traditional passenger or cargo airline The products and services are made available to agents due to who they are linked with. Independents build links with accommodation providers so they can book rooms for their customers, they will have negotiates rates with accommodation providers especially if the agent does a lot of booking. An example of an accommodation provider is Ramada. MultiplesA multiple travel ag ent has more than 100 branches they are usually integrated horizontally or vertically. They have household names which are well known for example Thomas cook and they also have a good reputation. An example of a multiple travel agents is Thomas cook. Multiple agents offer a range of products and services such as traditional package holidays and ancillary sales. An ancillary sale is a service that tour operators and travel agents offer, for example rental cars, travel insurance, transport to accommodation and so forth. Package holidays are organised by a tour operator and sold to a constumer by a travel agent.Some travel agents are employees of tour operators, others are independent. A package holiday includes Charter Flight, Accommodation, Meals and Transfers between your destination airport and your holiday accommodation. These products and services are made available due to who they are linked with. Multiple agents is linked with ancillary providers because they can hire cars for them, they add on extras to their holiday, they do this to make more money. they don't just sell holidays in travel agents they also sell holidays on: the TV, internet etc.With this they are open to a lot of different customers E-agents An e agent is a online travel agent, you can book online as well as through call centres or shops, they are also cheaper because there are not many staff, with e agents you can book online at any time. An example of an e agent is Expedia. A role of an e agent is to find a holiday that is right for the customer. They allow customers to sort out their travel packages. e-agent offers a range of products and services such as traditional package holidays and shedualed flights.Scheduled flights fly on strict timetable this is usually beneficial for business people. e agent is linked with accomodation becuase the online travel agents can book a hotel for the customer. Home workers Home workers are people who can work from home instead of going out because s ome people might have children so they are unable to go out and work. Home workers can book holidays from home. The tour operator would come and install a computer, a credit card machine and a phone line in your home. The people might be working full time or part time.An example of a home working travel agent is future travel. A role of a home based travel agent is to sell flight tickets; they also get to form a direct relationship with the person whose holiday they are booking. Call centres A call centre is a place which you can ring up and they put u through to a tour operator. Many of them are tour operators and flight agents, however some are operated by travel agents for example STA. The role of a call centre is to make or take telephone calls on behalf of an organisation in order to fulfil customer requirements. hey sell their products over the phone, they have to reach their aim of the amount of sales they make per day. Holiday hypermarkets A holiday hypermarket is a large re tail travel agency, they have staff that specialise in particular holiday types. They are usually in large shopping centres where there are a lot of people passing by. They have lots of promotions, but are expected to hit high street sales targets. An example of a holiday hypermarket is First Choice. The role of a holiday hypermarket is to find the best price holidays for customers.They have a holiday comparison tool so can find a wide range of holidays to suit your particular interests and budget. They try to provide more entertainment for their customers than smaller agencies,they now have stores in supermarket for example travel choice. Muniples A maniple might have more than 5/6 branches one of them are in (North West). They don’t have as many branches as multiples but more than independent. An example of a maniple travel agent is Premier Travel A muniples role is to offer a personal touch by being able to give independent advice on holiday choices.They also give good cus tomer service, this will lead to repeat business. Consortia Consortia is a group of travel agents who come together and form a larger group e. g. global travel group they have more buying power and get better discounts. An example of a consortia travel agent is Freedom Travel. A consortium is an organisation of independent travel agency members, they try to combine their selling power to grow their businesses and achieve more profits. Accommodation-Generally, package holidays include either hotel or apartment/studio accommodation.Some hotels and apartments are specific to one particular tour operator, but many are available through more than one and prices can vary significantly between them. The role of a tour operator is to put together all the different components that make contracts with hoteliers, airlines and other trasport companies to put the package together. all the holiday details are incorporates into a brochure which is reor di either to travel to agents or directly to customers. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Package_tour http://www. holidaybargains. org/unc_package. htm http://www. insights. org. uk/articleitem. aspx? title=Travel+Agents

Divorce (effects of divorce) Essay

Is marriage no more than the result of voluntary agreements between two private individuals? Is the lack of detail concerning marriage arrangements causing all the divorce debates? Does divorce cause problems or solve them? Why is marriage such a religious experience and divorce such a legal experience? Why do marriages take place under the eyes of God while divorces take place under the eyes of the law? I believe that it was because of my parents’ divorce that I have chosen to tackle such a controversial topic. In many ways, I am in search of my own opinion. My parents divorced through the no-fault system. My dad decided it was time to move on to another life I guess. The no-fault divorce is a form of divorce granted without blame being sought or established. Sometimes, I try to think of how my life would have turned out if they were still together. I wonder if life would be any better. However, there are other days when I thank God for putting me through such troubling times; without them, I wouldn’t be where I am today. What troubles me with marriage/divorce issues is that one is dealt with while the other lies on the floor. Today, we discuss marriage, and we discuss divorce, but never both at the same time. Should we push premarital counseling, or should we make divorce harder? Why must we discuss one or the other and not both? There are so many questions concerning marriage and divorce, and that is why I’m writing to you. I hope to answer some questions you may have. Though you may not form an opinion about no-fault divorce, you should finish this article with a little satisfaction, knowing that you’ve seen both sides of the issue. There are many people who have spoken out about no-fault divorce and family relationships, but I will focus on two. In â€Å"The Divorce Debate,† Maggie Gallagher, a scholar at the Institute for American Values, tries to answer the question: â€Å"What, if anything, can we do about the fact that at least half of our marriages fail?† In another article, â€Å"The Making of a Divorce Culture,† Barbara Dafoe Whitehead discusses the idea that, â€Å"Divorce has  become an American way of life only as a result of recent and revolutionary change.† I was very turned-off by Gallagher’s article. First, it starts off with what the author thinks should be a shared assumption; the assumption stated that divorce is harmful for children. Not everyone believes that. She goes on by asking, â€Å"What†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦can we do?† Gallagher continues with her article by putting down other states because of their divorce stipulations. She says that they are not working. Yes, she did back that statement up with information from Judith Wallerstein’s book, Second Chance, and statistics from the Journal of Marriage and Family, but they were buried  between the many instances in which she shared the views of her opposition. The way she recognized the reasoning behind the â€Å"speedy spouse disposal† or â€Å"delayed backlash† was a nice touch. Unfortunately, Gallagher was so involved with trying to show the other side of things, she forgot to give the reasoning behind her own ideas. Through the entire article, she used negative words or phrases to express her feelings on divorce; they include: harmful, delayed backlash, speedy spouse removal, eliminating, marital wrongdoing, dissolve a marriage, bitter conflict, unhappy marriages, bleak times, punishments, messy and irrelevant, and torment. However, she never once suggested a solution for the problem of divorce. How can one argue with the ideas of others, if that person has no argument of their own? After reading the article, I was pretty confident that the author had not personally been through a divorce of her own. This alone, caused me to question her. I felt that a more personal article involving some of her own experiences would have been more convincing. I realized that she was writing with a logical approach, but I believe an emotional one would have been better. Divorce is a topic that touches every person in so many different ways. If the article would have reached to the heart, it would have been more persuasive. Though I am unhappy with the way the topic was approached, I am sure that the  essay was not quickly written. Their was a lot of research involved in this article. Gallagher explained how different states came up with different solutions for divorce. She discussed the no-fault divorce and the waiting period before a divorce. Her statistic was a great bonus. Divorce is certainly a great topic for debate as we head into the new millennium. There are many assumptions made about divorce, both shared and unshared. Some people believe that divorce is always a bad thing, no matter what the situation. Others believe it’s a matter of what is best for the children (if there are any). Gallagher challenges the assumption that â€Å"no-fault [will]†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.remake divorce into a kinder, gentler institution. Whitehead’s article was more impressive. In the second paragraph of the article, Whitehead uses a set of statistics to point out how â€Å"divorce [has] moved from the margins to the mainstream of American life in the space of three decades.† However, statistics are not her only form of support. In her fifth paragraph, she starts to explain the new ideas that have come along with the revolution. She begins to explain how people today believe that there is a â€Å"moral obligation to look after oneself.† She elaborates on the statement through several of the following paragraphs. Whitehead discusses â€Å"divorce as the working out of an inner life experience.† In paragraph sixteen, she writes about no-fault divorce. Around paragraph 22, divorce is looked at as a cause for some the economical changes in society. She ends her article with this statement: â€Å"Divorce in America is not unique, but what we have made of divorce is uniquely American.† The essay made several assumptions. One assumption she expanded on was one that discussed how society is becoming more in-tune with the idea of self-gratification. Though not everyone may agree, I do. More and more people are worrying about themselves and what will happen to them in specific situations, rather than worrying about what will happen to everyone involved. One of the more recognizable assumptions made was one discussing how divorce has hurt children. This seems to be an assumption shared by many. Children of broken homes are deeply affected by divorce. The main question I want to pursue is this: â€Å"Is no-fault divorce an easy way out, or is a healthy way of resolving difficult marriages?† In the article â€Å"Abolish No-Fault Divorce?,† Representative Dalman expresses her position when she states, â€Å"Two people take the vows of marriage, but under no-fault divorce laws, only one can dissolve the commitment. It’s easier to end a marriage than it is to break a contract for buying a household appliance. Disposable marriage cheapens the commitment and degrades our vows of fidelity and lifelong love.† Divorce rates across the nation have soared since the implementation of no-fault divorce standards in the early 1970s. (Ager 1) Dalman continues her argument by following with, â€Å"Prevention is the best solution to any problem. While an educational program can’t prevent all divorce, it does lay the groundwork for stronger unions. Families educated about problem-solving skills have a better chance for successful relationships.† Ager has a different view. She says, â€Å"Human relationships are fragile and prone to disease. Not all marriages deserve to be saved, and I’d argue that divorce has redeemed more human spirits than it has doomed.† She then goes on to ask: â€Å"†¦.what about encouraging women to become financially self-sufficient before they become mothers? What about keeping better track of dead-beat dads? What about government-financed day care? What about training husbands and wives to enter divorce, for the sake of their children, not as a war but as a creative project for change?† These are all very good questions that must be considered when forming opinions on the no-fault divorce debate. One section of Ager’s article really caught my eye. It is as follows: â€Å"Even now, in households were divorce is taboo, children grow up learning the ways of love from moms and dads who never embrace, who rarely laugh together, who fail to demonstrate that arguments can end with compromise and forgiveness. These moms and dads become role models for bitterness, resignation or both. This is good for the kids? This teaches them commitment? No wonder commitment gets a bad rap, promising dullness and ache. Can mandated premarital counseling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.help keep two people happily together until death? Chances are slim†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Premarital counseling can’t  hurt,  but it won’t train couples for marriage’s surprises any more than a flight attendant’s routine safety speech will prepare passengers for terror in the air. You gotta live it to know it.† Not only do individuals have opinions, but each state has come up with some ideas of their own. In â€Å"States Put Minor Speed Bumps In Divorce Path: No-Fault Backlash,† Ann Tyson discusses the decisions of some states. Several states require mandatory parenting classes and plans. In Iowa, for instance, it is required that parents take classes so that they may better understand the practical and emotional impact of divorce on children. In Michigan, it may be required to submit detailed parenting plans that cover issues such as visitation, discipline, and education. (Tyson 1-2) Delaying divorce is another topic discussed in Tyson’s article. Bills in Georgia, Oklahoma, and Idaho have required that marriage counseling and long waiting periods take place before divorce. In some states it is required to take a series of one-hour counseling sessions before divorce, while in other states, a one-year waiting period has been put into effect. (Tyson 2) Maybe the smart choice is strengthening marriage bonds. Tom McMillen, director of the Rocky Mountain Family Council in Denver, Colorado, said, â€Å"Marriage is not just a lifestyle choice, it’s a critical institution that allows our culture to move forward.† Some states such as Minnesota and Michigan agree with McMillen and have instituted premarital counseling, rather than pre-divorce counseling. We have to decide what is more important to our society. Research shows that divorced women suffer a drop in income ranging on average from 30 percent to 70 percent. More than half of all female-headed households with children live in poverty, compared with only 10 percent of all other families with children. Medical experts say that men who divorce are to experience greater health problems and higher rates of suicide than married men. Are these things devastating to our society, or do we need to look at the other side  of things? Without no-fault divorce, many people may become trapped in abusive relationships. There may be an increase in desertion. One spouse may be lead to use bribes or threats to win the consent of the other to end marriage, thus creating the return of blackmail under the old fault-based system. (Tyson 1-3) Maybe the topic isn’t the narrow one we perceive it to be. Maybe the topic evolves more around family itself. Midge Decter does an excellent job of discussing family in her article, â€Å"The Madness of the American Family.† She explains how a family compares with a rock, and not the Garden of Eden. A rock, can be far from a comfortable place to be. â€Å"But,† she says, â€Å"living on a rock keeps you out of the swamps†¦..The most dangerous of these swamps is a place of limitless and willfully defined individual freedom. The land of limitless freedom, as so many among us are now beginning to discover, turns out to be nothing other than the deep muck and mire of Self.† She continues, â€Å"The only escape from the swamp of Self is the instinctual and lifelong engagement in the fate of others.† Decter discusses how being in a family may not make you happy, but it makes you human. She goes on: â€Å"Together, marriage and parenthood are the rock on which human existence stands†¦.[and] No matter how ardently a young man and woman believe they wish to spend their lives with one another, and no matter how enthusiastically they greet the knowledge that they are to have a baby, they do not undertake either of these things in full knowledge of the commitment they are undertaking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦they do not know that they are embarked upon a long, long, and sometimes arduous and even unpleasant journey.† (Decter 1-19) Marriage, family, and divorce, are three controversial topics that each person must deal with in their lifetime. The great thing about them is that we are each allowed to have our own opinions about them. Maybe you haven’t picked sides, and maybe you haven’t heard enough to make a stand, but hopefully this article has got you thinking. I myself have not yet chosen a position on the topic. No-fault divorce has such a complicated base. Each marital problem causes rise to newfound solutions concerning divorce. Every person comes up with their own opinions. Each state has its laws, its bills,  and its proposals to solve the problems concerning marriage and divorce. The nation finds such problems floating above its head, waiting for someone, or something, to take hold and decrease its power to control the people within it. Nevertheless, Dector reminds us not to get frustrated about such topics when she says, â€Å"All this should be a very simple matter; God knows, it’s been going on long enough. So why have we fallen into such a state of confusion?†